Python单元测试 – 单元测试示例
今天我们将学习Python的单元测试并浏览Python单元测试示例程序。在上一篇教程中,我们学习了Python的zip函数。
Python单元测试
Python的unittest模块用于测试源代码的一个单元。假设您需要测试项目。您知道函数将返回什么类型的数据。在编写大量代码之后,您需要检查它是否正确输出。通常,我们会打印输出并将其与参考输出文件进行匹配,或者手动检查输出。为了减少这种痛苦,Python引入了unittest模块。使用这个模块,您可以通过一些简单的代码来检查函数的输出。在本教程中,我们将讨论Python unittest模块的基本用法,并编写一些Python单元测试用例来测试类的函数。
Python单元测试示例源代码
首先,我们需要编写一些代码来进行单元测试。我们会创建一个Python类。该类的主要目的是存储和获取人名。因此,我们编写set_name()函数来存储数据,编写get_name()函数来从该类中获取名字。
class Person:
name = []
def set_name(self, user_name):
self.name.append(user_name)
return len(self.name) - 1
def get_name(self, user_id):
if user_id >= len(self.name):
return 'There is no such user'
else:
return self.name[user_id]
if __name__ == '__main__':
person = Person()
print('User Abbas has been added with id ', person.set_name('Abbas'))
print('User associated with id 0 is ', person.get_name(0))
我们将这个类文件命名为Person.py。以上代码的输出将如下所示。
$ python3.6 Person.py
User Abbas has been added with id 0
User associated with id 0 is Abbas
$
Python的单元测试结构
现在,让我们学习如何编写单元测试代码。通过继承 unittest.TestCase 类来创建一个个体的测试用例。通过重写或添加适当的函数,我们可以添加测试逻辑。如果 a 等于 b,以下代码将成功执行。
import unittest
class Testing(unittest.TestCase):
def test_string(self):
a = 'some'
b = 'some'
self.assertEqual(a, b)
def test_boolean(self):
a = True
b = True
self.assertEqual(a, b)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
如何运行Python单元测试模块
Python单元测试结果和基本函数
这个单元测试有三种可能的结果。它们如下所示:
- 通过:如果所有的测试用例都通过,输出显示通过。
失败:如果任何一个测试用例失败并引发了AssertionError异常。
错误:如果引发了除AssertionError异常之外的任何异常。
在unittest模块下有几个函数。它们如下所示。
Method | Checks that |
---|---|
assertEqual(a,b) | a==b |
assertNotEqual(a,b) | a != b |
assertTrue(x) | bool(x) is True |
assertFalse(x) | bool(x) is False |
assertIs(a,b) | a is b |
assertIs(a,b) | a is b |
assertIsNot(a, b) | a is not b |
assertIsNone(x) | x is None |
assertIsNotNone(x) | x is not None |
assertIn(a, b) | a in b |
assertNotIn(a, b) | a not in b |
assertIsInstance(a, b) | isinstance(a, b) |
assertNotIsInstance(a, b) | not isinstance(a, b) |
Python的单元测试示例
现在是时候为我们的源类Person编写单元测试了。在这个类中,我们已经实现了两个函数 – get_name()和set_name()。现在,我们将使用unittest来测试这些函数。因此,我们为这两个函数设计了两个测试用例。请看下面的代码,您会很容易理解的。
import unittest
# This is the class we want to test. So, we need to import it
import Person as PersonClass
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
"""
The basic class that inherits unittest.TestCase
"""
person = PersonClass.Person() # instantiate the Person Class
user_id = [] # variable that stores obtained user_id
user_name = [] # variable that stores person name
# test case function to check the Person.set_name function
def test_0_set_name(self):
print("Start set_name test\n")
"""
Any method which starts with ``test_`` will considered as a test case.
"""
for i in range(4):
# initialize a name
name = 'name' + str(i)
# store the name into the list variable
self.user_name.append(name)
# get the user id obtained from the function
user_id = self.person.set_name(name)
# check if the obtained user id is null or not
self.assertIsNotNone(user_id) # null user id will fail the test
# store the user id to the list
self.user_id.append(user_id)
print("user_id length = ", len(self.user_id))
print(self.user_id)
print("user_name length = ", len(self.user_name))
print(self.user_name)
print("\nFinish set_name test\n")
# test case function to check the Person.get_name function
def test_1_get_name(self):
print("\nStart get_name test\n")
"""
Any method that starts with ``test_`` will be considered as a test case.
"""
length = len(self.user_id) # total number of stored user information
print("user_id length = ", length)
print("user_name length = ", len(self.user_name))
for i in range(6):
# if i not exceed total length then verify the returned name
if i < length:
# if the two name not matches it will fail the test case
self.assertEqual(self.user_name[i], self.person.get_name(self.user_id[i]))
else:
print("Testing for get_name no user test")
# if length exceeds then check the 'no such user' type message
self.assertEqual('There is no such user', self.person.get_name(i))
print("\nFinish get_name test\n")
if __name__ == '__main__':
# begin the unittest.main()
unittest.main()
请注意,unittest模块按照函数名称的顺序执行测试函数,而不是按照定义的顺序执行。由于我们希望set_name测试首先执行,所以我们将测试用例函数命名为test_0_set_name和test_1_get_name。
Python单元测试示例的输出
$ python3.6 -m unittest -v PersonTest.Test
test_0_set_name (PersonTest.Test) ... Start set_name test
user_id length = 4
[0, 1, 2, 3]
user_name length = 4
['name0', 'name1', 'name2', 'name3']
Finish set_name test
ok
test_1_get_name (PersonTest.Test) ...
Start get_name test
user_id length = 4
user_name length = 4
Testing for get_name no user test
Testing for get_name no user test
Finish get_name test
ok
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.000s
OK
$
这就是关于Python单元测试教程的全部内容,如果想要了解更多,请阅读官方文档。若有任何进一步的疑问,请在评论框中提问。 🙂