HQL – Hibernate查询语言 – 示例教程

HQL或Hibernate查询语言是Hibernate框架的面向对象查询语言。HQL与SQL非常相似，只是我们使用对象而不是表名，使其更接近面向对象的编程。

Hibernate查询语言（HQL）

HQL和大小写敏感性：除了Java类名和变量名之外，HQL是大小写不敏感的。因此，SeLeCT与sELEct与SELECT是相同的，但com.Olivia.model.Employee与com.Olivia.model.EMPLOYEE是不同的。HQL中常见支持的子句有：

HQL的From子句：HQL的From子句与SQL中的select子句相同，from Employee则与select * from Employee相同。我们还可以创建别名，例如from Employee emp或from Employee as emp。
HQL的Join语句：HQL支持内连接、左外连接、右外连接和全连接。例如，select e.name, a.city from Employee e INNER JOIN e.address a。在这个查询中，Employee类应该有一个名为address的变量。我们将在示例代码中详细介绍。
聚合函数：HQL支持常用的聚合函数，如count(*)、count(distinct x)、min()、max()、avg()和sum()。
表达式：HQL支持算术表达式（+、-、*、/）、二进制比较运算符（=、>=、<=、<>, !=、like）、逻辑操作（and、or、not）等。
HQL还支持order by和group by子句。
HQL也支持像SQL查询一样的子查询。
HQL支持DDL、DML和执行存储过程。

让我们来看一个在我们的程序中使用HQL的简单例子。

HQL 示例数据库的设置

我在我的示例中使用MySQL数据库，下面的脚本将创建两个表：Employee和Address。它们之间是一对一的映射，我正在插入一些演示数据供我的示例使用。

CREATE TABLE `Employee` (
  `emp_id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `emp_name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `emp_salary` double(10,0) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  PRIMARY KEY (`emp_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
 
CREATE TABLE `Address` (
  `emp_id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `address_line1` varchar(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
  `zipcode` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `city` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`emp_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `emp_fk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`emp_id`) REFERENCES `Employee` (`emp_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

INSERT INTO `Employee` (`emp_id`, `emp_name`, `emp_salary`)
VALUES
	(1, 'Pankaj', 100),
	(2, 'David', 200),
	(3, 'Lisa', 300),
	(4, 'Jack', 400);


INSERT INTO `Address` (`emp_id`, `address_line1`, `zipcode`, `city`)
VALUES
	(1, 'Albany Dr', '95129', 'San Jose'),
	(2, 'Arques Ave', '95051', 'Santa Clara'),
	(3, 'BTM 1st Stage', '560100', 'Bangalore'),
	(4, 'City Centre', '100100', 'New Delhi');
	
commit;

在Eclipse或您正在使用的IDE中创建一个Maven项目，我们的最终项目将看起来像下面的图像。

潜伏的Maven依赖

我们最终的pom.xml文件包含了Hibernate和MySQL驱动的依赖。

<project xmlns="https://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="https://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <groupId>com.Olivia.hibernate</groupId>
  <artifactId>HQLExample</artifactId>
  <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <dependencies>
  	<dependency>
  		<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
  		<artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
  		<version>4.3.5.Final</version>
  	</dependency>
  	<dependency>
  		<groupId>mysql</groupId>
  		<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
  		<version>5.0.5</version>
  	</dependency>
  </dependencies>
</project>

Hibernate 配置文件 (Hibernate Configuration XML)

我们的Hibernate配置XML文件包含与数据库连接相关的属性和映射类。我将使用注释进行Hibernate映射。hibernate.cfg.xml代码：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
		"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
		"https://hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
    <session-factory>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.password">pankaj123</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost/TestDB</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.username">pankaj</property>
        <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
        
        <property name="hibernate.current_session_context_class">thread</property>
        <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
        
        <mapping class="com.Olivia.hibernate.model.Employee"/>
        <mapping class="com.Olivia.hibernate.model.Address"/>
    </session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

Hibernate的SessionFactory实用类

我们有一个实用类来配置Hibernate的SessionFactory。

package com.Olivia.hibernate.util;

import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.boot.registry.StandardServiceRegistryBuilder;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import org.hibernate.service.ServiceRegistry;

public class HibernateUtil {

	private static SessionFactory sessionFactory;
	
	private static SessionFactory buildSessionFactory() {
        try {
            // Create the SessionFactory from hibernate.cfg.xml
        	Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
        	configuration.configure("hibernate.cfg.xml");
        	System.out.println("Hibernate Configuration loaded");
        	
        	ServiceRegistry serviceRegistry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().applySettings(configuration.getProperties()).build();
        	System.out.println("Hibernate serviceRegistry created");
        	
        	SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(serviceRegistry);
        	
            return sessionFactory;
        }
        catch (Throwable ex) {
            System.err.println("Initial SessionFactory creation failed." + ex);
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
        }
    }
	
	public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
		if(sessionFactory == null) sessionFactory = buildSessionFactory();
        return sessionFactory;
    }
}

使用基于注释的映射的模型类

我们带有JPA注解的模型类如下所示。

package com.Olivia.hibernate.model;

import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;
import javax.persistence.Table;

import org.hibernate.annotations.Cascade;

@Entity
@Table(name = "EMPLOYEE")
public class Employee {

	@Id
	@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
	@Column(name = "emp_id")
	private long id;

	@Column(name = "emp_name")
	private String name;

	@Column(name = "emp_salary")
	private double salary;

	@OneToOne(mappedBy = "employee")
	@Cascade(value = org.hibernate.annotations.CascadeType.ALL)
	private Address address;

	public long getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(long id) {
		this.id = id;
	}

	public Address getAddress() {
		return address;
	}

	public void setAddress(Address address) {
		this.address = address;
	}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}

	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}

	public double getSalary() {
		return salary;
	}

	public void setSalary(double salary) {
		this.salary = salary;
	}

}

package com.Olivia.hibernate.model;

import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;
import javax.persistence.PrimaryKeyJoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.Table;

import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;
import org.hibernate.annotations.Parameter;

@Entity
@Table(name = "ADDRESS")
public class Address {

	@Id
	@Column(name = "emp_id", unique = true, nullable = false)
	@GeneratedValue(generator = "gen")
	@GenericGenerator(name = "gen", strategy = "foreign", 
				parameters = { @Parameter(name = "property", value = "employee") })
	private long id;

	@Column(name = "address_line1")
	private String addressLine1;

	@Column(name = "zipcode")
	private String zipcode;

	@Column(name = "city")
	private String city;

	@OneToOne
	@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn
	private Employee employee;

	public long getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(long id) {
		this.id = id;
	}

	public String getAddressLine1() {
		return addressLine1;
	}

	public void setAddressLine1(String addressLine1) {
		this.addressLine1 = addressLine1;
	}

	public String getZipcode() {
		return zipcode;
	}

	public void setZipcode(String zipcode) {
		this.zipcode = zipcode;
	}

	public String getCity() {
		return city;
	}

	public void setCity(String city) {
		this.city = city;
	}

	public Employee getEmployee() {
		return employee;
	}

	public void setEmployee(Employee employee) {
		this.employee = employee;
	}

}

HQL实例测试类的示例

让我们来看看如何在Java程序中使用HQL。

package com.Olivia.hibernate.main;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import org.hibernate.Query;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;

import com.Olivia.hibernate.model.Employee;
import com.Olivia.hibernate.util.HibernateUtil;

public class HQLExamples {

	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		//Prep work
		SessionFactory sessionFactory = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory();
		Session session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
		
		//HQL example - Get All Employees
		Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
		Query query = session.createQuery("from Employee");
		List<Employee> empList = query.list();
		for(Employee emp : empList){
			System.out.println("List of Employees::"+emp.getId()+","+emp.getAddress().getCity());
		}
		
		//HQL example - Get Employee with id
		query = session.createQuery("from Employee where id= :id");
		query.setLong("id", 3);
		Employee emp = (Employee) query.uniqueResult();
		System.out.println("Employee Name="+emp.getName()+", City="+emp.getAddress().getCity());
		
		//HQL pagination example
		query = session.createQuery("from Employee");
		query.setFirstResult(0); //starts with 0
		query.setFetchSize(2);
		empList = query.list();
		for(Employee emp4 : empList){
			System.out.println("Paginated Employees::"+emp4.getId()+","+emp4.getAddress().getCity());
		}
		
		//HQL Update Employee
		query = session.createQuery("update Employee set name= :name where id= :id");
		query.setParameter("name", "Pankaj Kumar");
		query.setLong("id", 1);
		int result = query.executeUpdate();
		System.out.println("Employee Update Status="+result);

		//HQL Delete Employee, we need to take care of foreign key constraints too
		query = session.createQuery("delete from Address where id= :id");
		query.setLong("id", 4);
		result = query.executeUpdate();
		System.out.println("Address Delete Status="+result);
		
		query = session.createQuery("delete from Employee where id= :id");
		query.setLong("id", 4);
		result = query.executeUpdate();
		System.out.println("Employee Delete Status="+result);
		
		//HQL Aggregate function examples
		query = session.createQuery("select sum(salary) from Employee");
		double sumSalary = (Double) query.uniqueResult();
		System.out.println("Sum of all Salaries= "+sumSalary);
		
		//HQL join examples
		query = session.createQuery("select e.name, a.city from Employee e "
				+ "INNER JOIN e.address a");
		List<Object[]> list = query.list();
		for(Object[] arr : list){
			System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
		}
		
		//HQL group by and like example
		query = session.createQuery("select e.name, sum(e.salary), count(e)"
				+ " from Employee e where e.name like '%i%' group by e.name");
		List<Object[]> groupList = query.list();
		for(Object[] arr : groupList){
			System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
		}
		
		//HQL order by example
		query = session.createQuery("from Employee e order by e.id desc");
		empList = query.list();
		for(Employee emp3 : empList){
			System.out.println("ID Desc Order Employee::"+emp3.getId()+","+emp3.getAddress().getCity());
		}
		
		//rolling back to save the test data
		tx.rollback();
		
		//closing hibernate resources
		sessionFactory.close();
	}

}

请注意，我在使用HQL进行选择、更新和删除操作。它还展示了如何使用HQL连接和HQL聚合函数。当我运行上述HQL示例程序时，我们会得到以下输出结果。

May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.annotations.common.reflection.java.JavaReflectionManager <clinit>
INFO: HCANN000001: Hibernate Commons Annotations {4.0.4.Final}
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.Version logVersion
INFO: HHH000412: Hibernate Core {4.3.5.Final}
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Environment <clinit>
INFO: HHH000206: hibernate.properties not found
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Environment buildBytecodeProvider
INFO: HHH000021: Bytecode provider name : javassist
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration configure
INFO: HHH000043: Configuring from resource: hibernate.cfg.xml
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration getConfigurationInputStream
INFO: HHH000040: Configuration resource: hibernate.cfg.xml
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration doConfigure
INFO: HHH000041: Configured SessionFactory: null
Hibernate Configuration loaded
Hibernate serviceRegistry created
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl configure
WARN: HHH000402: Using Hibernate built-in connection pool (not for production use!)
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl buildCreator
INFO: HHH000401: using driver [com.mysql.jdbc.Driver] at URL [jdbc:mysql://localhost/TestDB]
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl buildCreator
INFO: HHH000046: Connection properties: {user=pankaj, password=****}
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl buildCreator
INFO: HHH000006: Autocommit mode: false
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl configure
INFO: HHH000115: Hibernate connection pool size: 20 (min=1)
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect <init>
INFO: HHH000400: Using dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect
May 22, 2014 1:55:37 PM org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.LobCreatorBuilder useContextualLobCreation
INFO: HHH000423: Disabling contextual LOB creation as JDBC driver reported JDBC version [3] less than 4
May 22, 2014 1:55:38 PM org.hibernate.engine.transaction.internal.TransactionFactoryInitiator initiateService
INFO: HHH000399: Using default transaction strategy (direct JDBC transactions)
May 22, 2014 1:55:38 PM org.hibernate.hql.internal.ast.ASTQueryTranslatorFactory <init>
INFO: HHH000397: Using ASTQueryTranslatorFactory
Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_
Hibernate: select address0_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_0_, address0_.address_line1 as address_2_0_0_, address0_.city as city3_0_0_, address0_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_0_, employee1_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_1_, employee1_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_1_, employee1_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_1_ from ADDRESS address0_ left outer join EMPLOYEE employee1_ on address0_.emp_id=employee1_.emp_id where address0_.emp_id=?
Hibernate: select address0_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_0_, address0_.address_line1 as address_2_0_0_, address0_.city as city3_0_0_, address0_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_0_, employee1_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_1_, employee1_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_1_, employee1_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_1_ from ADDRESS address0_ left outer join EMPLOYEE employee1_ on address0_.emp_id=employee1_.emp_id where address0_.emp_id=?
Hibernate: select address0_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_0_, address0_.address_line1 as address_2_0_0_, address0_.city as city3_0_0_, address0_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_0_, employee1_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_1_, employee1_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_1_, employee1_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_1_ from ADDRESS address0_ left outer join EMPLOYEE employee1_ on address0_.emp_id=employee1_.emp_id where address0_.emp_id=?
Hibernate: select address0_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_0_, address0_.address_line1 as address_2_0_0_, address0_.city as city3_0_0_, address0_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_0_, employee1_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_1_, employee1_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_1_, employee1_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_1_ from ADDRESS address0_ left outer join EMPLOYEE employee1_ on address0_.emp_id=employee1_.emp_id where address0_.emp_id=?
List of Employees::1,San Jose
List of Employees::2,Santa Clara
List of Employees::3,Bangalore
List of Employees::4,New Delhi
Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ where employee0_.emp_id=?
Employee Name=Lisa, City=Bangalore
Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_
Paginated Employees::1,San Jose
Paginated Employees::2,Santa Clara
Paginated Employees::3,Bangalore
Paginated Employees::4,New Delhi
Hibernate: update EMPLOYEE set emp_name=? where emp_id=?
Employee Update Status=1
Hibernate: delete from ADDRESS where emp_id=?
Address Delete Status=1
Hibernate: delete from EMPLOYEE where emp_id=?
Employee Delete Status=1
Hibernate: select sum(employee0_.emp_salary) as col_0_0_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_
Sum of all Salaries= 600.0
Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_name as col_0_0_, address1_.city as col_1_0_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ inner join ADDRESS address1_ on employee0_.emp_id=address1_.emp_id
[Pankaj Kumar, San Jose]
[David, Santa Clara]
[Lisa, Bangalore]
Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_name as col_0_0_, sum(employee0_.emp_salary) as col_1_0_, count(employee0_.emp_id) as col_2_0_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ where employee0_.emp_name like '%i%' group by employee0_.emp_name
[David, 200.0, 1]
[Lisa, 300.0, 1]
Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ order by employee0_.emp_id desc
ID Desc Order Employee::3,Bangalore
ID Desc Order Employee::2,Santa Clara
ID Desc Order Employee::1,San Jose
May 22, 2014 1:55:38 PM org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.connections.internal.DriverManagerConnectionProviderImpl stop
INFO: HHH000030: Cleaning up connection pool [jdbc:mysql://localhost/TestDB]

请注意，一旦执行删除操作，后续操作将不会显示该记录的数据（工资总额为600）。然而，我正在回滚事务，所以表中的数据将保持不变。修改代码以提交事务，并将其反映在数据库表中。我不喜欢经常使用HQL查询，因为如您所见，我们需要在代码中处理表映射。如果我们使用Session来删除Employee对象，它将从两个表中删除记录。