在Java中的死锁示例

1 年 ago
科, 颖
7 minutes

在Java中，死锁是一种编程情况，其中两个或多个线程被永久阻塞。 Java死锁情况发生在至少有两个线程和两个或多个资源的情况下。在这里，我编写了一个简单的程序，会导致Java死锁场景，然后我们将看看如何分析它。

Java 中的死锁

让我们来看一个简单的程序，在这个程序中，我将在Java线程中创建死锁。

package com.Olivia.threads;

public class ThreadDeadlock {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Object obj1 = new Object();
        Object obj2 = new Object();
        Object obj3 = new Object();
    
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new SyncThread(obj1, obj2), "t1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new SyncThread(obj2, obj3), "t2");
        Thread t3 = new Thread(new SyncThread(obj3, obj1), "t3");
        
        t1.start();
        Thread.sleep(5000);
        t2.start();
        Thread.sleep(5000);
        t3.start();
        
    }

}

class SyncThread implements Runnable{
    private Object obj1;
    private Object obj2;

    public SyncThread(Object o1, Object o2){
        this.obj1=o1;
        this.obj2=o2;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        String name = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(name + " acquiring lock on "+obj1);
        synchronized (obj1) {
         System.out.println(name + " acquired lock on "+obj1);
         work();
         System.out.println(name + " acquiring lock on "+obj2);
         synchronized (obj2) {
            System.out.println(name + " acquired lock on "+obj2);
            work();
        }
         System.out.println(name + " released lock on "+obj2);
        }
        System.out.println(name + " released lock on "+obj1);
        System.out.println(name + " finished execution.");
    }
    private void work() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(30000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

在上述程序中，SyncThread实现了Runnable接口，并通过使用synchronized块按顺序对两个对象的每一个进行加锁来进行操作。在主方法中，我运行了三个SyncThread的线程，并且每个线程之间有一个共享资源。这些线程按照一种方式运行，可以成功地对第一个对象进行加锁，但当它试图对第二个对象进行加锁时，它会进入等待状态，因为它已被另一个线程锁定。这导致线程之间的资源形成了循环依赖，导致死锁。当我执行上述程序时，会生成以下输出，但程序永远不会终止，因为Java线程发生了死锁。

t1 acquiring lock on java.lang.Object@6d9dd520
t1 acquired lock on java.lang.Object@6d9dd520
t2 acquiring lock on java.lang.Object@22aed3a5
t2 acquired lock on java.lang.Object@22aed3a5
t3 acquiring lock on java.lang.Object@218c2661
t3 acquired lock on java.lang.Object@218c2661
t1 acquiring lock on java.lang.Object@22aed3a5
t2 acquiring lock on java.lang.Object@218c2661
t3 acquiring lock on java.lang.Object@6d9dd520

在这里，我们可以清楚地从输出中确定死锁的情况，但在实际应用中，找到死锁的情况并对其进行调试是非常困难的。

如何在Java中检测死锁

要在Java中检测死锁，我们需要查看应用程序的Java线程转储。在上一篇文章中，我解释了如何使用VisualVM分析器或使用jstack工具生成线程转储。以下是上述程序的线程转储。

2012-12-27 19:08:34
Full thread dump Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (23.5-b02 mixed mode):

"Attach Listener" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2814000 nid=0x4007 waiting on condition [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"DestroyJavaVM" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2801000 nid=0x1703 waiting on condition [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"t3" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a204b000 nid=0x4d07 waiting for monitor entry [0x000000015d971000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: BLOCKED (on object monitor)
	at com.Olivia.threads.SyncThread.run(ThreadDeadlock.java:41)
	- waiting to lock <0x000000013df2f658> (a java.lang.Object)
	- locked <0x000000013df2f678> (a java.lang.Object)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722)

"t2" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a1073000 nid=0x4207 waiting for monitor entry [0x000000015d209000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: BLOCKED (on object monitor)
	at com.Olivia.threads.SyncThread.run(ThreadDeadlock.java:41)
	- waiting to lock <0x000000013df2f678> (a java.lang.Object)
	- locked <0x000000013df2f668> (a java.lang.Object)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722)

"t1" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a1072000 nid=0x5503 waiting for monitor entry [0x000000015d86e000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: BLOCKED (on object monitor)
	at com.Olivia.threads.SyncThread.run(ThreadDeadlock.java:41)
	- waiting to lock <0x000000013df2f668> (a java.lang.Object)
	- locked <0x000000013df2f658> (a java.lang.Object)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722)

"Service Thread" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a1038000 nid=0x5303 runnable [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"C2 CompilerThread1" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a1037000 nid=0x5203 waiting on condition [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"C2 CompilerThread0" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a1016000 nid=0x5103 waiting on condition [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"Signal Dispatcher" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a4003000 nid=0x5003 runnable [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"Finalizer" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a4800000 nid=0x3f03 in Object.wait() [0x000000015d0c0000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor)
	at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method)
	- waiting on <0x000000013de75798> (a java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue$Lock)
	at java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue.remove(ReferenceQueue.java:135)
	- locked <0x000000013de75798> (a java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue$Lock)
	at java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue.remove(ReferenceQueue.java:151)
	at java.lang.ref.Finalizer$FinalizerThread.run(Finalizer.java:177)

"Reference Handler" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a4002000 nid=0x3e03 in Object.wait() [0x000000015cfbd000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor)
	at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method)
	- waiting on <0x000000013de75320> (a java.lang.ref.Reference$Lock)
	at java.lang.Object.wait(Object.java:503)
	at java.lang.ref.Reference$ReferenceHandler.run(Reference.java:133)
	- locked <0x000000013de75320> (a java.lang.ref.Reference$Lock)

"VM Thread" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2049800 nid=0x3d03 runnable 

"GC task thread#0 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a300d800 nid=0x3503 runnable 

"GC task thread#1 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2001800 nid=0x3603 runnable 

"GC task thread#2 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2003800 nid=0x3703 runnable 

"GC task thread#3 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2004000 nid=0x3803 runnable 

"GC task thread#4 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2005000 nid=0x3903 runnable 

"GC task thread#5 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2005800 nid=0x3a03 runnable 

"GC task thread#6 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2006000 nid=0x3b03 runnable 

"GC task thread#7 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a2006800 nid=0x3c03 runnable 

"VM Periodic Task Thread" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0a1015000 nid=0x5403 waiting on condition 

JNI global references: 114


Found one Java-level deadlock:
=============================
"t3":
  waiting to lock monitor 0x00007fb0a1074b08 (object 0x000000013df2f658, a java.lang.Object),
  which is held by "t1"
"t1":
  waiting to lock monitor 0x00007fb0a1010f08 (object 0x000000013df2f668, a java.lang.Object),
  which is held by "t2"
"t2":
  waiting to lock monitor 0x00007fb0a1012360 (object 0x000000013df2f678, a java.lang.Object),
  which is held by "t3"

Java stack information for the threads listed above:
===================================================
"t3":
	at com.Olivia.threads.SyncThread.run(ThreadDeadlock.java:41)
	- waiting to lock <0x000000013df2f658> (a java.lang.Object)
	- locked <0x000000013df2f678> (a java.lang.Object)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722)
"t1":
	at com.Olivia.threads.SyncThread.run(ThreadDeadlock.java:41)
	- waiting to lock <0x000000013df2f668> (a java.lang.Object)
	- locked <0x000000013df2f658> (a java.lang.Object)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722)
"t2":
	at com.Olivia.threads.SyncThread.run(ThreadDeadlock.java:41)
	- waiting to lock <0x000000013df2f678> (a java.lang.Object)
	- locked <0x000000013df2f668> (a java.lang.Object)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722)

Found 1 deadlock.

线程转储输出清楚地显示了死锁情况以及导致死锁的线程和资源。为了分析死锁，我们需要寻找状态为BLOCKED的线程，然后查找它正在等待锁定的资源。每个资源都有一个唯一的ID，可以通过它找到哪个线程已经持有了该对象的锁。例如，线程“t3”正在等待锁定0x000000013df2f658，但它已经被线程“t1”锁定。一旦分析了死锁情况并找到了导致死锁的线程，我们需要对代码进行修改以避免死锁情况。

如何在Java中避免死锁

以下是一些指导方针，使用这些方针可以避免大多数死锁情况。

  • Avoid Nested Locks: This is the most common reason for deadlocks, avoid locking another resource if you already hold one. It’s almost impossible to get deadlock situation if you are working with only one object lock. For example, here is the another implementation of run() method without nested lock and program runs successfully without deadlock situation.
    public void run() {
    String name = Thread.currentThread().getName();
    System.out.println(name + ” acquiring lock on ” + obj1);
    synchronized (obj1) {
    System.out.println(name + ” acquired lock on ” + obj1);
    work();
    }
    System.out.println(name + ” released lock on ” + obj1);
    System.out.println(name + ” acquiring lock on ” + obj2);
    synchronized (obj2) {
    System.out.println(name + ” acquired lock on ” + obj2);
    work();
    }
    System.out.println(name + ” released lock on ” + obj2);System.out.println(name + ” finished execution.”);
    }
  • Lock Only What is Required: You should acquire lock only on the resources you have to work on, for example in above program I am locking the complete Object resource but if we are only interested in one of it’s fields, then we should lock only that specific field not complete object.
  • Avoid waiting indefinitely: You can get deadlock if two threads are waiting for each other to finish indefinitely using thread join. If your thread has to wait for another thread to finish, it’s always best to use join with maximum time you want to wait for thread to finish.

关于Java线程死锁，就这些内容。

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